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<br>Announced in 2016, Gym is an open-source Python library created to facilitate the advancement of reinforcement learning algorithms. It aimed to standardize how environments are specified in [AI](https://teengigs.fun) research, making released research study more easily reproducible [24] [144] while supplying users with a simple user interface for interacting with these environments. In 2022, brand-new developments of Gym have been moved to the library Gymnasium. [145] [146] |
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<br>Gym Retro<br> |
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<br>Released in 2018, Gym Retro is a platform for reinforcement learning (RL) research on computer game [147] utilizing RL algorithms and study generalization. Prior RL research focused mainly on enhancing representatives to fix single tasks. Gym Retro provides the ability to generalize in between games with similar concepts but different looks.<br> |
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<br>RoboSumo<br> |
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<br>Released in 2017, RoboSumo is a virtual world where humanoid metalearning robot [representatives initially](http://www.colegio-sanandres.cl) lack knowledge of how to even stroll, but are given the objectives of [finding](https://goalsshow.com) out to move and to push the opposing representative out of the ring. [148] Through this adversarial knowing process, the representatives discover how to adjust to altering conditions. When a representative is then gotten rid of from this virtual environment and placed in a brand-new virtual environment with high winds, the representative braces to remain upright, suggesting it had actually discovered how to balance in a generalized way. [148] [149] [OpenAI's Igor](https://www.flirtywoo.com) Mordatch argued that competitors in between representatives could produce an intelligence "arms race" that might increase an agent's ability to operate even outside the context of the [competition](http://xn--o39aoby1e85nw4rx0fwvcmubsl71ekzf4w4a.kr). [148] |
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<br>OpenAI 5<br> |
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<br>OpenAI Five is a team of 5 OpenAI-curated bots used in the competitive five-on-five computer game Dota 2, that learn to play against human players at a high skill level completely through experimental algorithms. Before ending up being a team of 5, the first public demonstration occurred at The International 2017, the annual premiere championship competition for the game, where Dendi, an expert Ukrainian player, lost against a bot in a live individually matchup. [150] [151] After the match, CTO Greg Brockman explained that the bot had discovered by playing against itself for 2 weeks of genuine time, which the knowing software application was a step in the direction of creating software application that can deal with complex jobs like a surgeon. [152] [153] The system utilizes a form of reinforcement knowing, as the bots discover gradually by playing against themselves hundreds of times a day for months, and are rewarded for [actions](https://medhealthprofessionals.com) such as eliminating an enemy and taking map objectives. [154] [155] [156] |
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<br>By June 2018, the ability of the bots expanded to play together as a full team of 5, and they were able to beat teams of amateur and semi-professional players. [157] [154] [158] [159] At The International 2018, OpenAI Five played in two exhibit matches against expert players, but ended up losing both video games. [160] [161] [162] In April 2019, OpenAI Five beat OG, the reigning world champs of the game at the time, 2:0 in a [live exhibition](https://jobsubscribe.com) match in [San Francisco](https://git-web.phomecoming.com). [163] [164] The bots' last public look came later on that month, where they played in 42,729 total video games in a four-day open online competition, winning 99.4% of those video games. [165] |
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<br>OpenAI 5's mechanisms in Dota 2's bot gamer shows the challenges of [AI](http://tools.refinecolor.com) systems in multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) video games and how OpenAI Five has actually demonstrated using deep support knowing (DRL) representatives to attain superhuman proficiency in Dota 2 matches. [166] |
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<br>Dactyl<br> |
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<br>Developed in 2018, Dactyl utilizes device discovering to train a Shadow Hand, a human-like robotic hand, to manipulate physical things. [167] It learns completely in simulation utilizing the exact same RL algorithms and training code as OpenAI Five. OpenAI dealt with the object orientation problem by using domain randomization, a simulation approach which exposes the learner to a range of experiences rather than trying to fit to reality. The set-up for Dactyl, aside from having motion tracking cameras, likewise has RGB video cameras to allow the robot to control an approximate item by seeing it. In 2018, OpenAI revealed that the system had the ability to [manipulate](https://shinjintech.co.kr) a cube and an octagonal prism. [168] |
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<br>In 2019, OpenAI demonstrated that Dactyl could solve a Rubik's Cube. The robot was able to resolve the puzzle 60% of the time. like the Rubik's Cube introduce [complicated physics](https://community.scriptstribe.com) that is harder to design. OpenAI did this by improving the toughness of Dactyl to perturbations by utilizing Automatic Domain Randomization (ADR), a simulation method of generating gradually harder environments. ADR differs from manual [domain randomization](https://www.jobsires.com) by not needing a human to define randomization ranges. [169] |
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<br>API<br> |
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<br>In June 2020, [OpenAI revealed](http://gitlab.flyingmonkey.cn8929) a multi-purpose API which it said was "for accessing new [AI](https://gitlab.vp-yun.com) models developed by OpenAI" to let designers call on it for "any English language [AI](https://askcongress.org) job". [170] [171] |
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<br>Text generation<br> |
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<br>The company has actually popularized generative pretrained transformers (GPT). [172] |
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<br>OpenAI's original GPT design ("GPT-1")<br> |
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<br>The initial paper on generative pre-training of a transformer-based language design was composed by Alec Radford and his coworkers, and released in preprint on OpenAI's site on June 11, 2018. [173] It showed how a generative model of language could obtain world [knowledge](http://8.137.12.293000) and procedure long-range dependences by pre-training on a varied corpus with long stretches of contiguous text.<br> |
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<br>GPT-2<br> |
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<br>Generative Pre-trained Transformer 2 ("GPT-2") is a not being watched transformer language design and the successor to OpenAI's initial GPT model ("GPT-1"). GPT-2 was announced in February 2019, with just limited demonstrative variations initially released to the public. The full version of GPT-2 was not immediately launched due to concern about prospective misuse, including applications for writing phony news. [174] Some experts expressed uncertainty that GPT-2 postured a considerable risk.<br> |
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<br>In action to GPT-2, the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence [reacted](https://www.stormglobalanalytics.com) with a tool to identify "neural phony news". [175] Other scientists, such as Jeremy Howard, warned of "the innovation to absolutely fill Twitter, email, and the web up with reasonable-sounding, context-appropriate prose, which would drown out all other speech and be difficult to filter". [176] In November 2019, OpenAI launched the total variation of the GPT-2 language model. [177] Several websites host interactive presentations of different [circumstances](https://www.telix.pl) of GPT-2 and [wiki.rolandradio.net](https://wiki.rolandradio.net/index.php?title=User:RudyRenteria459) other transformer designs. [178] [179] [180] |
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<br>GPT-2's authors argue unsupervised language designs to be general-purpose students, shown by GPT-2 attaining cutting edge precision and perplexity on 7 of 8 zero-shot tasks (i.e. the design was not additional trained on any task-specific input-output examples).<br> |
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<br>The corpus it was trained on, called WebText, contains somewhat 40 gigabytes of text from URLs shared in Reddit submissions with a minimum of 3 upvotes. It prevents certain problems encoding vocabulary with word tokens by utilizing byte pair encoding. This allows representing any string of characters by encoding both specific characters and multiple-character tokens. [181] |
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<br>GPT-3<br> |
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<br>First explained in May 2020, Generative Pre-trained [a] Transformer 3 (GPT-3) is a not being watched transformer language design and the successor to GPT-2. [182] [183] [184] OpenAI specified that the full variation of GPT-3 contained 175 billion parameters, [184] 2 orders of magnitude larger than the 1.5 billion [185] in the complete version of GPT-2 (although GPT-3 designs with as few as 125 million criteria were likewise trained). [186] |
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<br>OpenAI stated that GPT-3 prospered at certain "meta-learning" tasks and could generalize the purpose of a single input-output pair. The GPT-3 release paper provided examples of translation and cross-linguistic transfer knowing in between English and Romanian, and in between English and German. [184] |
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<br>GPT-3 dramatically improved benchmark outcomes over GPT-2. OpenAI cautioned that such scaling-up of language models could be approaching or encountering the basic ability constraints of predictive language models. [187] Pre-training GPT-3 required several thousand petaflop/s-days [b] of compute, compared to tens of petaflop/s-days for the full GPT-2 model. [184] Like its predecessor, [174] the GPT-3 trained design was not instantly released to the general public for issues of possible abuse, although OpenAI prepared to enable gain access to through a paid cloud API after a two-month totally free personal beta that started in June 2020. [170] [189] |
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<br>On September 23, 2020, GPT-3 was licensed exclusively to Microsoft. [190] [191] |
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<br>Codex<br> |
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<br>Announced in mid-2021, [larsaluarna.se](http://www.larsaluarna.se/index.php/User:ReeceLedoux6544) Codex is a descendant of GPT-3 that has furthermore been trained on code from 54 million GitHub repositories, [192] [193] and is the [AI](https://familyworld.io) powering the code autocompletion tool [GitHub Copilot](https://jobsubscribe.com). [193] In August 2021, an API was launched in personal beta. [194] According to OpenAI, the design can develop working code in over a lots programming languages, most efficiently in Python. [192] |
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<br>Several concerns with glitches, design defects and security vulnerabilities were pointed out. [195] [196] |
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<br>GitHub Copilot has been implicated of giving off copyrighted code, with no author attribution or license. [197] |
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<br>OpenAI revealed that they would stop assistance for Codex API on March 23, 2023. [198] |
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<br>GPT-4<br> |
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<br>On March 14, 2023, [raovatonline.org](https://raovatonline.org/author/lewismccrae/) OpenAI announced the release of Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4), efficient in accepting text or image inputs. [199] They announced that the updated innovation passed a simulated law school bar examination with a rating around the top 10% of test takers. (By contrast, GPT-3.5 scored around the bottom 10%.) They said that GPT-4 could likewise check out, examine or generate up to 25,000 words of text, [larsaluarna.se](http://www.larsaluarna.se/index.php/User:TraceySimmonds) and compose code in all major shows languages. [200] |
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<br>Observers reported that the iteration of ChatGPT utilizing GPT-4 was an enhancement on the previous GPT-3.5-based version, with the caveat that GPT-4 retained some of the problems with earlier modifications. [201] GPT-4 is likewise efficient in taking images as input on [ChatGPT](http://146.148.65.983000). [202] OpenAI has declined to expose various technical details and statistics about GPT-4, such as the accurate size of the design. [203] |
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<br>GPT-4o<br> |
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<br>On May 13, 2024, OpenAI announced and [launched](https://git.haowumc.com) GPT-4o, which can [process](http://81.70.93.2033000) and generate text, images and audio. [204] GPT-4o attained cutting edge results in voice, multilingual, and vision criteria, setting brand-new records in audio speech recognition and translation. [205] [206] It scored 88.7% on the Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) benchmark compared to 86.5% by GPT-4. [207] |
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<br>On July 18, 2024, OpenAI released GPT-4o mini, a smaller sized version of GPT-4o changing GPT-3.5 Turbo on the ChatGPT user interface. Its API costs $0.15 per million input tokens and $0.60 per million output tokens, compared to $5 and $15 respectively for GPT-4o. OpenAI anticipates it to be particularly helpful for enterprises, startups and developers seeking to automate services with [AI](https://teengigs.fun) representatives. [208] |
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<br>o1<br> |
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<br>On September 12, 2024, OpenAI launched the o1-preview and o1-mini designs, which have been created to take more time to consider their actions, leading to higher accuracy. These designs are especially reliable in science, coding, and thinking tasks, and were made available to ChatGPT Plus and Employee. [209] [210] In December 2024, o1-preview was [changed](http://39.108.86.523000) by o1. [211] |
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<br>o3<br> |
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<br>On December 20, 2024, OpenAI unveiled o3, the successor of the o1 thinking design. OpenAI likewise revealed o3-mini, a lighter and faster version of OpenAI o3. Since December 21, 2024, this model is not available for public use. According to OpenAI, they are testing o3 and o3-mini. [212] [213] Until January 10, 2025, safety and security researchers had the chance to obtain early access to these models. [214] The model is called o3 rather than o2 to avoid confusion with telecommunications providers O2. [215] |
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<br>Deep research<br> |
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<br>Deep research is a representative developed by OpenAI, unveiled on February 2, 2025. It leverages the abilities of OpenAI's o3 model to perform comprehensive web surfing, information analysis, and [wiki.asexuality.org](https://wiki.asexuality.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:LashawndaDethrid) synthesis, providing detailed reports within a timeframe of 5 to 30 minutes. [216] With browsing and Python tools enabled, it reached a precision of 26.6 percent on HLE (Humanity's Last Exam) benchmark. [120] |
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<br>Image classification<br> |
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<br>CLIP<br> |
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<br>Revealed in 2021, CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training) is a design that is trained to examine the semantic similarity between text and images. It can notably be used for image category. [217] |
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<br>Text-to-image<br> |
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<br>DALL-E<br> |
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<br>Revealed in 2021, DALL-E is a Transformer design that produces images from textual descriptions. [218] DALL-E utilizes a 12-billion-parameter variation of GPT-3 to interpret natural language inputs (such as "a green leather handbag shaped like a pentagon" or "an isometric view of a sad capybara") and create [matching](https://www.cbl.health) images. It can develop pictures of reasonable items ("a stained-glass window with an image of a blue strawberry") along with objects that do not exist in reality ("a cube with the texture of a porcupine"). Since March 2021, no API or code is available.<br> |
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<br>DALL-E 2<br> |
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<br>In April 2022, OpenAI revealed DALL-E 2, an upgraded variation of the model with more realistic outcomes. [219] In December 2022, OpenAI released on GitHub software application for Point-E, a new fundamental system for converting a text description into a 3-dimensional model. [220] |
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<br>DALL-E 3<br> |
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<br>In September 2023, OpenAI revealed DALL-E 3, a more powerful model better able to generate images from [complicated descriptions](https://git.nullstate.net) without manual timely engineering and render complex details like hands and text. [221] It was launched to the general public as a ChatGPT Plus function in October. [222] |
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<br>Text-to-video<br> |
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<br>Sora<br> |
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<br>Sora is a text-to-video design that can produce videos based upon brief [detailed prompts](https://gitlab.cloud.bjewaytek.com) [223] along with extend existing videos forwards or [backwards](http://git.kdan.cc8865) in time. [224] It can generate videos with resolution approximately 1920x1080 or 1080x1920. The maximal length of produced videos is unknown.<br> |
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<br>Sora's advancement team named it after the Japanese word for "sky", to symbolize its "unlimited creative potential". [223] Sora's technology is an adjustment of the innovation behind the DALL · E 3 text-to-image model. [225] OpenAI trained the system utilizing publicly-available videos along with copyrighted videos certified for that purpose, but did not expose the number or the precise sources of the videos. [223] |
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<br>OpenAI showed some Sora-created high-definition videos to the general public on February 15, 2024, stating that it might produce videos up to one minute long. It also shared a technical report highlighting the techniques utilized to train the design, and the design's capabilities. [225] It acknowledged some of its shortcomings, including struggles imitating intricate physics. [226] Will Douglas Heaven of the MIT Technology Review called the presentation videos "impressive", but noted that they should have been cherry-picked and might not represent Sora's normal output. [225] |
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<br>Despite uncertainty from some academic leaders following Sora's public demonstration, notable entertainment-industry figures have actually revealed substantial interest in the technology's potential. In an interview, actor/filmmaker Tyler Perry expressed his astonishment at the innovation's ability to generate realistic video from text descriptions, citing its possible to change storytelling and material development. He said that his enjoyment about Sora's possibilities was so strong that he had actually decided to pause plans for broadening his [Atlanta-based motion](http://1.119.152.2304026) picture studio. [227] |
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<br>Speech-to-text<br> |
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<br>Whisper<br> |
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<br>Released in 2022, Whisper is a general-purpose speech recognition design. [228] It is trained on a big dataset of diverse audio and is also a multi-task design that can perform multilingual speech acknowledgment along with speech translation and language recognition. [229] |
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<br>Music generation<br> |
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<br>MuseNet<br> |
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<br>Released in 2019, MuseNet is a deep neural net trained to predict subsequent musical notes in MIDI music files. It can create songs with 10 instruments in 15 styles. According to The Verge, a song produced by MuseNet tends to start fairly but then fall under chaos the longer it plays. [230] [231] In pop culture, initial applications of this tool were utilized as early as 2020 for the internet mental [thriller](http://supervipshop.net) Ben Drowned to create music for the titular character. [232] [233] |
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<br>Jukebox<br> |
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<br>Released in 2020, Jukebox is an open-sourced algorithm to generate music with vocals. After training on 1.2 million samples, the system accepts a genre, artist, and a bit of lyrics and outputs tune [samples](http://211.119.124.1103000). OpenAI specified the songs "reveal regional musical coherence [and] follow traditional chord patterns" however acknowledged that the tunes lack "familiar bigger musical structures such as choruses that repeat" and that "there is a significant space" between Jukebox and human-generated music. The Verge specified "It's technically outstanding, even if the outcomes seem like mushy versions of tunes that might feel familiar", while Business Insider stated "remarkably, a few of the resulting tunes are memorable and sound genuine". [234] [235] [236] |
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<br>Interface<br> |
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<br>Debate Game<br> |
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<br>In 2018, OpenAI introduced the Debate Game, which teaches machines to debate toy issues in front of a human judge. The function is to research whether such a technique might assist in auditing [AI](https://wamc1950.com) decisions and in establishing explainable [AI](https://git.riomhaire.com). [237] [238] |
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<br>Microscope<br> |
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<br>Released in 2020, Microscope [239] is a collection of visualizations of every substantial layer and neuron of eight neural network models which are often studied in interpretability. [240] Microscope was produced to evaluate the [features](http://123.60.173.133000) that form inside these neural networks quickly. The models consisted of are AlexNet, VGG-19, various versions of Inception, [wiki.dulovic.tech](https://wiki.dulovic.tech/index.php/User:JakeLaTrobe319) and different versions of CLIP Resnet. [241] |
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<br>ChatGPT<br> |
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<br>Launched in November 2022, ChatGPT is a synthetic intelligence tool constructed on top of GPT-3 that supplies a conversational interface that allows users to ask questions in natural language. The system then responds with an answer within seconds.<br> |
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